Legal Frameworks Governing the Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Legal System

Palma Juanta; Syaifuddin Syaifuddin; Marta Rodriguez

doi:10.34306/k3k21a55

Authors

Palma Juanta Padang State University, Indonesia Author https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1811-512X
Syaifuddin Syaifuddin Universitas Prima Indonesia, Indonesia Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6977-5256
Marta Rodriguez Eduaward Incorporation, United Kingdom Author https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1367-0511

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.34306/k3k21a55

Keywords:

Artificial Intelligence, Legal System, Governance, Regulatory Framework, Implementation

Abstract

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has driven significant transformations in various sectors, including the legal system. The use of AI has the potential to increase the efficiency of legal document analysis, support the decision-making process, and accelerate access to legal information. However, the use of this technology also raises various challenges related to regulatory aspects, ethics, accountability, and human rights protection. This study aims to analyze how the law implements the use of AI in the legal system and identify the regulatory challenges that arise in its application. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method that examines various scientific publications, regulations, and the latest research reports related to the integration of AI technology in legal practice. The analysis is conducted descriptively and analytically to evaluate the relationship between the development of AI technology and the legal framework that regulates it. The results of the study indicate that the application of AI in the legal system can make a positive contribution to improving work efficiency, the accuracy of legal data analysis, and the effectiveness of legal services. However, this study also found several major challenges such as the potential for algorithmic bias, limited regulations governing the use of AI, and issues of transparency in the technology-based decision-making process. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the regulatory framework that is adaptive, transparent, and oriented towards the principle of justice to ensure that the implementation of AI in the legal system can run responsibly, safely, and support the creation of a more modern and accountable legal system in the era of digital transformation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Palma Juanta, Padang State University, Indonesia

Faculty of Science Education Doctoral Study Program
Syaifuddin Syaifuddin, Universitas Prima Indonesia, Indonesia

Lecturer of Doctoral Management Study Program
Marta Rodriguez, Eduaward Incorporation, United Kingdom

Department of Artificial Intelligence Law and Digital Governance

References

[1] Q. Aini, D. Manongga, U. Rahardja, I. Sembiring, and Y.-M. Li, “Understanding behavioral intention to use of air quality monitoring solutions with emphasis on technology readiness,” International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, pp. 1–21, 2024.

[2] M. W. Wicaksono, M. B. Hakim, F. H. Wijaya, T. Saleh, E. Sana et al., “Analyzing the influence of artificial intelligence on digital innovation: A smartpls approach,” IAIC Transactions on Sustainable Digital Innovation (ITSDI), vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 108–116, 2024.

[3] T. Birkstedt, M. Minkkinen, A. Tandon, and M. Mantym ̈ aki, “Ai governance: themes, knowledge gaps ̈and future agendas,” Internet Research, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 133–167, 2023.

[4] S. Andhella, H. Djajadikerta, and M. Y. Marjuka, “Technopreneurship in pro-environmental behavior for sustainable carbon emission reduction in central kalimantan,” Aptisi Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT), vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 254–269, 2024.

[5] A. Ruangkanjanases, A. Khan, O. Sivarak, U. Rahardja, and S.-C. Chen, “Modeling the consumers’ flow experience in e-commerce: The integration of ecm and tam with the antecedents of flow experience,” SAGE Open, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 21582440241258595, 2024.

[6] U. Rahardja, Q. Aini, A. S. Bist, S. Maulana, and S. Millah, “Examining the interplay of technology readiness and behavioural intentions in health detection safe entry station,” JDM (Jurnal Dinamika Manajemen), vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 125–143, 2024.

[7] M. Mantym ̈ aki, M. Minkkinen, T. Birkstedt, and M. Viljanen, “Defining organizational ai governance,” AI and Ethics, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 603–609, 2022.

[8] R. Sivaraman, M.-H. Lin, M. I. C. Vargas, S. I. S. Al-Hawary, U. Rahardja, F. A. H. Al-Khafaji, E. V. Golubtsova, and L. Li, “Multi-objective hybrid system development: To increase the performance of diesel/photovoltaic/wind/battery system.” Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems, vol. 11,no. 3, 2024.

[9] M. R. Anwar and L. D. Sakti, “Integrating artificial intelligence and environmental science for sustainable urban planning,” IAIC Transactions on Sustainable Digital Innovation (ITSDI), vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 179–191, 2024.

[10] N. K. A. Dwijendra, M. Zaidi, I. G. N. K. Arsana, S. E. Izzat, A. T. Jalil, M.-H. Lin, U. Rahardja, I. Muda, A. H. Iswanto, and S. Aravindhan, “A multi-objective optimization approach of smart autonomous electrical grid with active consumers and hydrogen storage system,” Environmental and Climate Technologies, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 1067–1079, 2022.

[11] T. Hidayat, D. Manongga, Y. Nataliani, S. Wijono, S. Y. Prasetyo, E. Maria, U. Raharja, I. Sembiring et al., “Performance prediction using cross validation (gridsearchcv) for stunting prevalence,” in 2024 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Mechatronics Systems (AIMS). IEEE, 2024, pp. 1–6.

[12] Y. A. Goenawan et al., “Effect of profitability and solvency on stock prices with dividend policy as an intervening variable,” APTISI Transactions on Management, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 143–151, 2023.

[13] M. Ahli, M. F. Hilmi, and A. Abudaqa, “Moderating effect of employee service quality and mediating impact of experiential marketing in uae entrepreneurial sector,” Aptisi Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT), vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 285–299, 2024.

[14] R. Ejjami, “Ai-driven justice: Evaluating the impact of artificial intelligence on legal systems,” Int. J. Multidiscip. Res, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1–29, 2024.

[15] V. Magesh, F. Surani, M. Dahl, M. Suzgun, C. D. Manning, and D. E. Ho, “Hallucination-free? assessing the reliability of leading ai legal research tools,” Journal of empirical legal studies, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 216–242, 2025.

[16] E. P. Nugroho, K. Hidayat, and E. A. Nurdin, “Development of e-learning-based blended learning to increase student learning motivation during a pandemic,” APTISI Transactions on Management, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 160–169, 2023.

[17] M. Nadjia, “The impact of artificial intelligence on legal systems: challenges and opportunities,” , no. 164, pp. 285–303, 2024.

[18] A. Reuel, B. Bucknall, S. Casper, T. Fist, L. Soder, O. Aarne, L. Hammond, L. Ibrahim, A. Chan, P. Wills et al., “Open problems in technical ai governance,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.14981, 2024.

[19] N. Khatniuk, T. Shestakovska, V. Rovnyi, N. Pobiianska, and Y. Surzhyk, “Legal principles and features of artificial intelligence use in the provision of legal services,” Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 1–18, 2023.

[20] V. Teremetskyi and O. Kovalchuk, “Artificial intelligence as a factor in the digital transformation of the justice system,” 2024.

[21] K. Sulastriningsih, M. Muninggar, R. Widyasari, A. F. Faradhila, and J. Zanubiya, “Leveraging data analytics to understand antenatal visit factors in midwifery care,” in 2024 3rd International Conference on Creative Communication and Innovative Technology (ICCIT). IEEE, 2024, pp. 1–7.

[22] U. Ahmed, Z. Fatima, and T. Abbas, “Implementing artificial intelligence (ai) into the judicial system in europe: Challenges and opportunities,” Pakistan Social Sciences Review, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 17–26, 2024.

[23] E. M. Włodyka, “Implementation of e-government and artificial intelligence in polish public administration.” TalTech journal of european studies, vol. 14, no. 2, 2024.

[24] B. Rawat, A. S. Bist, D. Apriani, N. I. Permadi, and E. A. Nabila, “Ai based drones for security concerns in smart cities,” APTISI Transactions on Management, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 122–127, 2023.

[25] M. S. Kabir, M. N. Alam et al., “Iot, big data and ai applications in the law enforcement and legal system: a review,” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 10, no. 05, pp. 1777–1789, 2023.

[26] M. Afif, T. Mariyanti, N. Septiani, and E. Dolan, “Factor affecting employee motivation to increase performance of sharia bank in indonesia on islamic perspective,” APTISI Transactions on Management, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 128–136, 2023.

[27] S. Greenstein, “Preserving the rule of law in the era of artificial intelligence (ai),” Artificial Intelligence and Law, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 291–323, 2022.

[28] G. Chaudhary, “Explainable artificial intelligence (xai): Reflections on judicial system.” Kutafin Law Review, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 872–890, 2023.

[29] U. Rahardja, “Implementation of enterprise resource planning (erp) in indonesia to increase the significant impact of management control systems,” APTISI Transactions on Management, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 152–159, 2023.

[30] S. Wachter, “Limitations and loopholes in the eu ai act and ai liability directives: what this means for the european union, the united states, and beyond,” Yale Journal of Law and Technology, vol. 26, no. 3, 2024.

[31] R. Putchakayala and R. Cherukuri, “Ai-enabled policy-driven web governance: A full-stack java frame-work for privacy-preserving digital ecosystems,” International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data Science, and Machine Learning, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 114–123, 2022.

[32] T. Kampik, A. Mansour, O. Boissier, S. Kirrane, J. Padget, T. R. Payne, M. P. Singh, V. Tamma, and A. Zimmermann, “Governance of autonomous agents on the web: Challenges and opportunities,” ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1–31, 2022.

[33] J. J. Nay, D. Karamardian, S. B. Lawsky, W. Tao, M. Bhat, R. Jain, A. T. Lee, J. H. Choi, and J. Ka-sai, “Large language models as tax attorneys: a case study in legal capabilities emergence,” Philosoph-ical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences, vol. 382, no. 2270, p.20230159, 2024.

[34] P. Casanovas, “A regulatory framework for legal ecosystems in the context of emerging web-based sys-tems and the european ai value chain regulations,” in Governance and Control of Data and Digital Economy in the European Single Market: Legal Framework for New Digital Assets, Identities and Data Spaces. Springer, 2025, pp. 23–53.

[35] A. R. A. Zahra, D. Jonas, I. Erliyani, N. A. Yusuf et al., “Assessing customer satisfaction in ai-powered services: An empirical study with smartpls,” International Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 81–89, 2023.

[36] S. C. Hofmann and P. Pawlak, “Governing cyberspace: policy boundary politics across organizations,”Review of International Political Economy, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 2122–2149, 2023.

[37] M. Guellil, H. Saidi, F. Bourada, A. A. Bousahla, A. Tounsi, M. M. Al-Zahrani, M. Hussain, and S. Mah-moud, “Influences of porosity distributions and boundary conditions on mechanical bending response of functionally graded plates resting on pasternak foundation,” Steel and Composite Structures, pp. 1–15, 2022.

[38] Y. Walter, “Managing the race to the moon: Global policy and governance in artificial intelligence regulation—a contemporary overview and an analysis of socioeconomic consequences,” Discover Artificial Intelligence, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 14, 2024.

[39] U. Rusilowati, H. R. Ngemba, R. W. Anugrah, A. Fitriani, and E. D. Astuti, “Leveraging ai for superior efficiency in energy use and development of renewable resources such as solar energy, wind, and bioenergy,” International Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 114–120, 2024.

[40] J. Faulconbridge, A. Sarwar, and M. Spring, “How professionals adapt to artificial intelligence: The role of intertwined boundary work,” Journal of Management Studies, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 1991–2024, 2025.

[41] N. Lutfiani, N. P. L. Santoso, R. Ahsanitaqwim, U. Rahardja, and A. R. A. Zahra, “Ai-based strategies to improve resource efficiency in urban infrastructure,” International Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 121–127, 2024.

[42] L. J. Kotze and S. Adelman, “Environmental law and the unsustainability of sustainable development: a ́tale of disenchantment and of hope,” Law and critique, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 227–248, 2023.

[43] L. W. Ming, J. Anderson, F. Hidayat, F. D. Yulian, and N. Septiani, “Ai as a driver of efficiency in waste management and resource recovery,” International Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 2, no. 2,pp. 128–134, 2024.

[44] C. Ansell and J. Torfing, “Introduction to the handbook on theories of governance,” in Handbook on theories of governance. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022, pp. 1–16.

[45] H. Hachemi, A. A. Bousahla, A. Kaci, F. Bourada, A. Tounsi, K. H. Benrahou, A. Tounsi, M. M. Al-Zahrani, and S. Mahmoud, “Bending analysis of functionally graded plates using a new refined quasi-3d shear deformation theory and the concept of the neutral surface position,” Steel and Composite Structures, pp. 51–64, 2022.

[46] A. Kristian, T. S. Goh, A. Ramadan, A. Erica, and S. V. Sihotang, “Application of ai in optimizing energy and resource management: Effectiveness of deep learning models,” International Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 99–105, 2024.

[47] J. van der Merwe, S. M. Wahid, G. P. Cesna, D. A. Prabowo et al., “Improving natural resource management through ai: Quantitative analysis using smartpls,” International Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 135–142, 2024.

[48] J. Jenuri, A. Najib et al., “Pernikahan dini dalam perspektif hukum islam dan hukum di indonesia,” Al-Mashlahah Jurnal Hukum Islam dan Pranata Sosial, vol. 11, no. 02, 2023.

[49] A. Kumar and H. Dadhich, “Regulatory frameworks for artificial intelligence in law: Ensuring account-ability and fairness,” NUJS Journal of Regulatory Studies, vol. 9, no. 2, 2024.

[50] T. Marwala and L. G. Mpedi, “Artificial intelligence and the law,” in Artificial intelligence and the law. Springer, 2024, pp. 1–25.