Regulating Autonomous AI for Transparent and Accountable Digital Public Services

Agung Rizky; Nasrul Hidayat; Maulana Arif Komara; Aulia Wellington

doi:10.34306/zs8s7j49

Authors

Agung Rizky Universitas Raharja, Indonesia Author https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7046-8639
Nasrul Hidayat Universitas Raharja, Indonesia Author https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1498-5586
Maulana Arif Komara Universitas Raharja, Indonesia Author https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8906-3132
Aulia Wellington Eesp Incorporation, Samudra Hindia Britania Author https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4536-4729

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.34306/zs8s7j49

Keywords:

AI, Digital Public Services, AI Governance, Human Oversight, Digital Governance

Abstract

The increasing deployment of autonomous Artificial Intelligence (AI) in digital public services is transforming administrative decision-making, service delivery, and interactions between governments and citizens. However, greater computational autonomy creates regulatory challenges concerning transparency, accountability, human oversight, and the allocation of legal responsibility when AI-driven decisions produce adverse consequences. This study aims to examine the adequacy of existing legal governance principles for autonomous AI in digital public services and to formulate an integrated legal framework that strengthens transparency and accountability while preserving human-centered governance. This study employs normative legal research using a conceptual and regulatory approach. Relevant legal principles, regulatory instruments, and scholarly literature concerning AI governance, algorithmic accountability, transparency, data protection, and digital public administration are critically analyzed to identify regulatory gaps and formulate governance principles applicable to autonomous AI systems. The analysis demonstrates that conventional admin istrative and digital governance frameworks remain insufficient to address accountability gaps arising from autonomous decision-making, particularly where responsibility is distributed among public institutions, technology developers, and system operators. The proposed framework integrates algorithmic transparency, traceability, meaningful human oversight, institutional accountability, risk-based regulation, and rights protection as interconnected regulatory require- ments. Effective regulation of autonomous AI in digital public services requires a human-centered and risk-sensitive legal governance model that reconciles technological autonomy with legal certainty, public accountability, and citizens fundamental rights. The framework provides a foundation for developing sustainable and trustworthy digital public services.

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Author Biographies

Agung Rizky, Universitas Raharja, Indonesia

Faculty of Sains and Technology
Nasrul Hidayat, Universitas Raharja, Indonesia

Faculty of Economics and Business
Maulana Arif Komara, Universitas Raharja, Indonesia

Faculty of Economics and Business
Aulia Wellington, Eesp Incorporation, Samudra Hindia Britania

Department of Law and Autonomous Systems Governance

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